Grande Bretagne : villes neuves. urbanisme : plan ville orthogonale.New cities in England
Bastides bienvenue :
 
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Villes Neuves 
 
en EUROPE :
Présentation générale
France
Espagne
Grande Bretagne
Italie
Pologne
Portugal
Suisse
Scandinavie : -Finlande - Norvège -
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hors d'EUROPE,
Amérique
Afrique
Asie
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Bastides  médiévales:
1- tableau des "modèles"
2- ..Libourne. ..Monpazier..Monflanquin.
..Vianne..Villeneuve/Lot
Bastides Gironde.
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*
Définition de "Bastide",
leurs caractéristiques,
leurs Chartes.
Le Tracé orthogonal,
la Place,
la Halle,
les Maisons,
les Cornières un problème,
les Andrones,
L'église
les Remparts : avec ou sans.
Chateau : avec ou sans
Puits et ponts
Bastides Modèles.
Contexte historique.
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Présentation par :
Cartographie
Musée des Bastides,
Centre Etude Bastides,
Bibliographie,
Glossaire,
Toponymie
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Bastides Répertoire
par fondateurs:
Cisterciens
par départements,
sur sites internet
par bastides :
            A à M
              N à V
par Thèmes
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L'orthogonalité :
dans l'Antiquité,
dans la théorie.
dans les arts
 
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Annexes sur :
les villes en étoile,
les "circulades",
Sauvetés  et  castelnaus
 
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Recherche d'une vue aérienne
 de ville sur "google earth"
 
 
Recherche : Interreg
Université de Tokyo

 

Sites complémenaires   :

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Bastides - Caractéristiques

Bastides - Villes neuves -

Bastides -Chartes Coutumes

Bastides - Définition 

Bastides - Musée

Bastides - Carte

Bastides - Monflanquin

 

Monflanquin - Médiéval

Monflanquin - Jurade

Monflanquin - Protestants

Monflanquin - 1789

Monflanquin -  Généalogie

Haut Agenais - Eglises

Monflanquin - Tourisme

          Odo  Georges
Site traduit en :
Roumanie
Carte géographique et infos Italie drapeau pologne
Drapeau de la Norvège drapeau du Japon
Drapeau de l'Inde    A drapeau de la République populaire de Chine

     

 

.Geo Visitors Map

 

Plan orthogonal, en damier, hyppodamien

 

Villes Neuves
 
 
en
 
Grande Bretagne

 

 CarteBastidesEurope.jpg (36891 octets)
Recherche galles Flint.jpg (11787 octets)
Flint                                S 
wpe46.jpg (12784 octets)
Conwy        S   S 
Recherche Suisse Caernafon.jpg (14703 octets)
Caernafon                  S 
Recherche Suisse Beaumaris.jpg (45374 octets)
    Beaumaris                           S 
wpeA6.jpg (12304 octets)
Winchelsea         S 
             
wpe48.jpg (17398 octets)  
Londres : les "estates" lotissements autour d'un square
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Page tirée de http://www.qub.ac.uk/urban_mapping/index.htm


Welcome to the homepage of the Mapping the Medieval Urban Landscape Project

“Mapping the Medieval Urban Landscape” is a two-year research project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). The project was completed at the end of May 2005. The results of the project are currently in preparation. A multimedia teaching package will soon be available via the Archaeology Data Service (ADS) website. An academic monograph is also in preparation.

The project aims to answer questions about the design and planning of towns in the middle ages. To do this requires careful study of the surviving layouts of medieval towns, looking in particular at their shape and form, and to this end the project is focused on new towns founded by King Edward I in the late 1200s. Twelve of Edward’s towns have been selected for close scrutiny. One is in England while the other 11 are in Wales. (Click here for more information on the study towns).

The project came about to try to further our understanding of the processes that created urban landscapes in the middle ages. Conventional historical records do not reveal much about this, and so it is necessary to look at the plans of the towns themselves to map out how they came into being. This work is important as the middle ages is the key period of European urbanisation, when many towns and cities were established and prospered. Indeed, much of the urban network and heritage of Europe today is the result of our medieval ancestors. To recognise and appreciate this legacy we need to study these towns and cities (Click here for more on the project).
 

Designed and maintained by Dr Steven Trick. Content by project team.
Last updated 29th August 2005

 

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Antiquity Vol 79 No 303 March 2005 Article number 79003

Mapping medieval urban landscapes: The design and planning of Edward I's new towns of England and Wales

Keith Lilley, Chris Lloyd & Steve Trick

The towns and cities of medieval Europe have long attracted scholarly attention but still unanswered questions remain about the processes of design and planning that shaped urban landscapes during the middle ages (Lilley 2002). With funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Board, a two-year research project based at Queen's University Belfast was set up in 2003 specifically to explore how a group of 'new towns' in England and Wales were established under the authority of King Edward I between 1277 and 1307 (Figure 1). The main aim of the project is to reconstruct in 3D map-form the likely original layout of these new towns and to use this as a way of engaging with the original design ideas they reflect. To do this, rather than employing existing paper-based methodologies (eg. Slater 1987, Baker et al. 1992, Lilley 2000), the project has combined spatial data sources in a Geographical Information System (GIS), and in this respect offers a new direction for those mapping medieval urban landscapes. Three particular outputs of this work are highlighted here. Figure 1

Figure 1. Location map of study towns and dates of foundation. Click to enlarge.
Figure 2 (Click to view)

Figure 2. Beaumaris and Conwy compared. Click to enlarge.
Surviving medieval built forms provide unique access to the minds of those who were responsible for their design and planning (cf. Friedman 1988, Lilley 2001). Edward I's new towns have relatively good historical documentation right from the start (see Beresford 1967, Soulsby 1983), and this, together with their reasonably intact medieval urban layouts, makes them a suitable focus for study to tell us about the practices and processes that originally created them. As Conzen (1968) has argued, modern-day large-scale mapping represents a ready source of information on the layout of medieval towns, showing patterns of streets and plots that are historically and archaeologically meaningful, as once set in place these features have a tendency to survive over long periods of time, making the town's morphology a 'palimpsest', a record of its own evolution (Lilley 2000). Using first edition Ordnance Survey 1:2500 plans of the late-nineteenth century, street and plot patterns for each of the study towns were digitised in a GIS software package (ArcGIS), allowing, for the first time, the form of Edward's new towns to be compared at the same scale, and their morphologies studied in detail in terms of their street and plot patterns, and relative positions of castles, markets and churches. This reveals design similarities between towns, for example Conwy and Beaumaris (Figure 2). Such comparisons are particularly easy to perform in GIS, and help to formulate ideas about whether common practices and practitioners had created them. At Conwy and Beaumaris, the king's principal architect in Wales, Master James of St George, took a lead role in constructing their respective castles (see Taylor 1986), raising the possibility that he (or one of his men) was also responsible for creating their similar town-plans.
To explore further the meanings of such morphological similarities between Edward's new towns requires 'reconstructive mapping' where an attempt is made to show their urban layout at the time they were first created. This is done through mapping documentary and archaeological data, and combining it with the morphologies of the towns as revealed by historic maps; all of which is done within GIS. The results of this are shown here for Rhuddlan, established in summer 1277, and one of the earliest of Edward's new towns in north Wales (Figure 3). The street and plot layouts are those taken from the Ordnance Survey 1:2500 first edition plan (and cross-checked with earlier archival maps of 1756, 1780, 1810 and 1839). Archaeological data is taken from both published and unpublished surveys, evaluations and excavations (eg. Manley 1985, Quinnell et al. 1994). The two data sets - the historic cartography and medieval archaeology - are both georeferenced using spatial co-ordinates derived from field-survey work conducted in the town by the project team using differential GPS. The reconstructed map of Rhuddlan shows the layout of the town c. 1300, with its arrangement of streets and earthen bank-and-ditch defences. The original circuit of these is uncertain but by extrapolating the lines of the known defences, and relating them to plot patterns evident in the town plan, the line of the town's defensive circuit can be conjectured. To help visualise the layout of Edward's Rhuddlan, and to explore more how its plan-features were placed within the local landscape, elevational data (NEXTMap) is used to create a 3D model (Figure 4). This then clearly shows how Edward's new town lay at the end of a river terrace above the Clwyd, positioned at its lowest medieval bridging-point and arranged to make most use of the flattest ground. The resulting town-plan is a skewed quadrilateral shape. Figure 3

Figure 3. Rhuddlan reconstructed town plan c.1300. Click to enlarge.
Figure 4

Figure 4. Edwardian Rhuddlan visualised as a 3D model. Click to enlarge.
Reconstructive mapping offers a window onto the landscapes of Edward's new towns but to get back to the planning processes that created them requires some 'reverse engineering' of their urban layouts. Again GIS helps with this and is demonstrated here for two reasonably well-documented towns where there is contemporary historical evidence (dating from shortly after their foundations) for the original size of their respective building plots. In the case of Winchelsea, in East Sussex, a list of properties from 1292 records the areal sizes of the plots within the town's grid of street blocks, making it possible to compare medieval surveyors measurements with those made by the project team using differential GPS equipment (Figure 5). What this has shown is that the surveyors of 1292 were highly accurate in their work (Lilley et al. 2005). For Caernarfon, in north Wales, a document of 1298 records that building plots in the town were sixty feet wide and eighty feet deep. Using the georectified plan of the town's streets and plots it is possible to explore how well the documented plot-size relates to actual plots on the ground (Figure 6). Once again there is good coincidence between medieval and modern plot measures, though in this case the 'ideal' plot size seems to have required some adaptation to fit comfortably into the street-block in the north-west part of the town (cf. Slater 1987). Both exercises demonstrate the longevity of plot and street layouts, from the later middle ages through to the modern day.
The project is still ongoing but already, through a combination of historical spatial data sources, mapped and analysed using GIS, it has begun to reveal how Edward's new towns were designed and planned over 600 years ago. The approach taken here is novel as far as studies of medieval urban landscapes are concerned, and is demonstrating the methodological advantages that spatial technologies offer in this kind of work. To date, a spatial database exists for each of the thirteen towns, including georeferenced cartographic and archaeological data. This data is being used currently to conduct: (1) detailed metric analyses of the towns' morphologies; (2) reconstructive mapping and analysis of the type outlined above; (3) 3D visualisation of Edward's new towns, and (4) the development of an online resource. The databases will be deposited with the Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS) at the end of the project, and as well as having academic uses the information they contain has local development control applications, for example in terms of predicting zones of archaeological potential. (For further information on the project see http://www.qub.ac.uk/urban_mapping). Figure 5

Figure 5. Winchelsea street blocks, c.1290, based upon field survey and 1292 rental
Figure 6

Figure 6. Caernarfon 'ideal' plots overlaying actual plot layout
References
bulletBAKER, N.J., H. DALWOOD, R.A. HOLT, C.F. MUNDY & G. TAYLOR. 1992. From Roman to medieval Worcester: development and planning in the Anglo-Saxon city. Antiquity 66: 65-74.
bulletBERESFORD, M.W. 1967. New Towns of the Middle Ages. Town plantation in England, Wales and Gascony. London: Lutterworth.
bulletFRIEDMAN, D. 1988. Florentine New Towns. Urban design in the late middle ages. London: MIT Press.
bulletLILLEY, K.D. 2000. Mapping the medieval city: plan analysis and urban history. Urban History 27: 5-30.
bulletLILLEY, K.D. 2001. Urban planning and the design of towns in the middle ages: the Earls of Devon and their 'new towns'. Planning Perspectives 16: 1-24.
bulletLILLEY, K.D. 2002. Urban Life in the Middle Ages, 1000-1450. London: Palgrave.
bulletLILLEY, K.D., C. LLOYD, S. TRICK & C. GRAHAM. 2005. Mapping medieval urban landscapes using GIS and GPS. Urban Morphology 9 (forthcoming).
bulletMANLEY, J. 1985. Salvage Excavations at Lôn Hylas, Rhuddlan, Clwyd: ditches of the Roman and Medieval periods. Archaeologica Cambrensis 134: 230-235.
bulletQUINNELL, H., M.R. BLOCKLEY & P. BERRIDGE. 1994. Excavations at Rhuddlan, Clwyd: 1969 - 73 Mesolithic to Medieval. CBA Research Report 95. York: Council for British Archaeology.
bulletSLATER, T.R. 1987. Ideal and reality in English episcopal medieval town planning. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers New Series 12(2): 191-203.
bulletSOULSBY, I. 1983. The Towns of Medieval Wales. Chichester: Phillimore.
bulletTAYLOR, A. 1986. The Welsh Castles of Edward I. London: Hambledon Press.

 

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Lilley, Lloyd, Trick: School of Geography, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.

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